Planetary Fact Sheets
Latest archived NSSDC values for the Sun and the planets
Latest archived revision: (undated) · original Wayback snapshot ↗
| Field | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Mass | 1,988,500 | 10²⁴ kg |
| Gm | 132,712 | x 10⁶ km³/s² |
| Volume | 1,412,000 | 10¹² km³ |
| Volumetric mean radius | 695,700 | km |
| Mean density | 1,408 | kg/m³ |
| Surface gravity | 274 | m/s² |
| Escape velocity | 617.6 | km/s |
| Ellipticity | 5e-05 |
Latest archived revision: 2024-01-11 · original Wayback snapshot ↗
| Field | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Mass | 0.3301 | 10²⁴ kg |
| Volume | 6.083 | 10¹⁰ km³ |
| Equatorial radius | 2440.5 | km |
| Polar radius | 2438.3 | km |
| Volumetric mean radius | 2439.7 | km |
| Ellipticity | 0.0009 | |
| Mean density | 5,429 | kg/m³ |
| Surface gravity | 3.7 | m/s² |
| Surface acceleration | 3.7 | m/s² |
| Surface acceleration pole | 3.71 | m/s² |
| Escape velocity | 4.3 | km/s |
| Gm | 0.022032 | x 10⁶ km³/s² |
| Bond albedo | 0.068 | |
| Geometric albedo | 0.142 | |
| Solar irradiance | 9082.7 | W/m² |
| Black body temperature | 439.6 | K |
| Topographic range | 7 | km |
| Number of satellites | 0 | |
| Has ring system | No | |
| Semimajor axis | 57.909 | 10⁶ km |
| Sidereal orbit period | 87.969 | days |
| Tropical orbit period | 87.968 | days |
| Perihelion | 46 | 10⁶ km |
| Aphelion | 69.818 | 10⁶ km |
| Synodic period | 115.88 | days |
| Mean orbital velocity | 47.36 | km/s |
| Max orbital velocity | 58.97 | km/s |
| Min orbital velocity | 38.86 | km/s |
| Orbit inclination | 7.004 | deg |
| Orbit eccentricity | 0.2056 | |
| Sidereal rotation period | 1407.6 | hrs |
| Length of day | 4222.6 | hrs |
| Obliquity to orbit | 0.034 | deg |
| Inclination of equator | 0.034 | deg |
| Average temperature | 440 | K |
Latest archived revision: 2024-01-11 · original Wayback snapshot ↗
| Field | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Mass | 4.8673 | 10²⁴ kg |
| Volume | 92.843 | 10¹⁰ km³ |
| Equatorial radius | 6051.8 | km |
| Polar radius | 6051.8 | km |
| Volumetric mean radius | 6051.8 | km |
| Ellipticity | 0 | |
| Mean density | 5,243 | kg/m³ |
| Surface gravity | 8.87 | m/s² |
| Surface acceleration | 8.87 | m/s² |
| Surface acceleration pole | 8.87 | m/s² |
| Escape velocity | 10.36 | km/s |
| Gm | 0.32486 | x 10⁶ km³/s² |
| Bond albedo | 0.77 | |
| Geometric albedo | 0.689 | |
| Solar irradiance | 2601.3 | W/m² |
| Black body temperature | 226.6 | K |
| Topographic range | 13 | km |
| Number of satellites | 0 | |
| Has ring system | No | |
| Semimajor axis | 108.21 | 10⁶ km |
| Sidereal orbit period | 224.701 | days |
| Tropical orbit period | 224.695 | days |
| Perihelion | 107.48 | 10⁶ km |
| Aphelion | 108.941 | 10⁶ km |
| Synodic period | 583.92 | days |
| Mean orbital velocity | 35.02 | km/s |
| Max orbital velocity | 35.26 | km/s |
| Min orbital velocity | 34.78 | km/s |
| Orbit inclination | 3.395 | deg |
| Orbit eccentricity | 0.0068 | |
| Sidereal rotation period | -5832.6 | hrs |
| Length of day | 2,802 | hrs |
| Obliquity to orbit | 177.36 | deg |
| Inclination of equator | 2.64 | deg |
| Surface pressure | 92 | bars |
| Surface density | 65 | kg/m |
| Scale height | 15.9 | km |
| Average temperature | 737 | K |
| Mean molecular weight | 43.45 |
Latest archived revision: 2024-11-15 · original Wayback snapshot ↗
| Field | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Mass | 5.9722 | 10²⁴ kg |
| Volume | 108.321 | 10¹⁰ km³ |
| Equatorial radius | 6378.14 | km |
| Polar radius | 6356.75 | km |
| Volumetric mean radius | 6,371 | km |
| Core radius | 3,485 | km |
| Ellipticity | 0.003353 | |
| Mean density | 5,513 | kg/m³ |
| Surface gravity | 9.82 | m/s² |
| Surface acceleration eq | 9.78 | m/s² |
| Surface acceleration pole | 9.832 | m/s² |
| Escape velocity | 11.186 | km/s |
| Gm | 0.3986 | x 10⁶ km³/s² |
| Bond albedo | 0.294 | |
| Geometric albedo | 0.434 | |
| Solar irradiance | 1,361 | W/m² |
| Black body temperature | 254 | K |
| Topographic range | 20.4 | km |
| Number of satellites | 1 | |
| Has ring system | No | |
| Semimajor axis | 149.598 | 10⁶ km |
| Sidereal orbit period | 365.256 | days |
| Tropical orbit period | 365.242 | days |
| Perihelion | 147.095 | 10⁶ km |
| Aphelion | 152.1 | 10⁶ km |
| Mean orbital velocity | 29.78 | km/s |
| Max orbital velocity | 30.29 | km/s |
| Min orbital velocity | 29.29 | km/s |
| Orbit inclination | 0 | deg |
| Orbit eccentricity | 0.0167 | |
| Sidereal rotation period | 23.9345 | hrs |
| Length of day | 24 | hrs |
| Obliquity to orbit | 23.44 | deg |
| Inclination of equator | 23.44 | deg |
| Surface pressure | 1,014 | mb |
| Surface density | 1.217 | kg/m³ |
| Scale height | 8.5 | km |
| Average temperature | 288 | K |
| Mean molecular weight | 28.97 |
Latest archived revision: 2025-05-19 · original Wayback snapshot ↗
| Field | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Mass | 0.64169 | 10²⁴ kg |
| Volume | 16.312 | 10¹⁰ km³ |
| Equatorial radius | 3396.2 | km |
| Polar radius | 3376.2 | km |
| Volumetric mean radius | 3389.5 | km |
| Core radius | 1,830 | km |
| Ellipticity | 0.00589 | |
| Mean density | 3,934 | kg/m³ |
| Surface gravity | 3.73 | m/s² |
| Surface acceleration eq | 3.69 | m/s² |
| Surface acceleration pole | 3.73 | m/s² |
| Escape velocity | 5.03 | km/s |
| Gm | 0.042828 | x 10⁶ km³/s² |
| Bond albedo | 0.25 | |
| Geometric albedo | 0.17 | |
| Solar irradiance | 586.2 | W/m² |
| Black body temperature | 209.8 | K |
| Topographic range | 30 | km |
| Number of satellites | 2 | |
| Has ring system | No | |
| Semimajor axis | 227.956 | 10⁶ km |
| Sidereal orbit period | 686.98 | days |
| Perihelion | 206.65 | 10⁶ km |
| Aphelion | 249.261 | 10⁶ km |
| Synodic period | 779.94 | days |
| Mean orbital velocity | 24.08 | km/s |
| Max orbital velocity | 26.5 | km/s |
| Min orbital velocity | 21.97 | km/s |
| Orbit inclination | 1.848 | deg |
| Orbit eccentricity | 0.0935 | |
| Sidereal rotation period | 24.6229 | hrs |
| Length of day | 24.6597 | hrs |
| Obliquity to orbit | 25.19 | deg |
| Inclination of equator | 25.19 | deg |
| Surface pressure | 6.36 | mb |
| Surface density | 0.016 | |
| Scale height | 11 | km |
| Average temperature | 214 | K |
| Mean molecular weight | 43.49 |
Latest archived revision: 2024-10-02 · original Wayback snapshot ↗
| Field | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Mass | 1898.13 | 10²⁴ kg |
| Volume | 143,128 | 10¹⁰ km³ |
| Equatorial radius | 71,492 | km |
| Polar radius | 66,854 | km |
| Volumetric mean radius | 69,911 | km |
| Ellipticity | 0.06487 | |
| Mean density | 1,326 | kg/m³ |
| Escape velocity | 59.5 | km/s |
| Gm | 126.687 | x 10⁶ km³/s² |
| Bond albedo | 0.343 | |
| Geometric albedo | 0.538 | |
| Solar irradiance | 50.26 | W/m² |
| Black body temperature | 109.9 | K |
| Number of satellites | 95 | |
| Has ring system | Yes | |
| Semimajor axis | 778.479 | 10⁶ km |
| Sidereal orbit period | 4332.59 | days |
| Tropical orbit period | 4330.6 | days |
| Perihelion | 740.595 | 10⁶ km |
| Aphelion | 816.363 | 10⁶ km |
| Synodic period | 398.88 | days |
| Mean orbital velocity | 13.06 | km/s |
| Max orbital velocity | 13.72 | km/s |
| Min orbital velocity | 12.44 | km/s |
| Orbit inclination | 1.304 | deg |
| Orbit eccentricity | 0.0487 | |
| Sidereal rotation period | 9.925 | hrs |
| Length of day | 9.9259 | hrs |
| Obliquity to orbit | 3.13 | deg |
| Inclination of equator | 3.13 | deg |
| Scale height | 27 | km |
| Mean molecular weight | 2.22 |
Latest archived revision: 2025-03-18 · original Wayback snapshot ↗
| Field | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Mass | 568.32 | 10²⁴ kg |
| Volume | 82,713 | 10¹⁰ km³ |
| Equatorial radius | 60,268 | km |
| Polar radius | 54,364 | km |
| Volumetric mean radius | 58,232 | km |
| Ellipticity | 0.09796 | |
| Mean density | 687 | kg/m³ |
| Escape velocity | 35.5 | km/s |
| Gm | 37.931 | x 10⁶ km³/s² |
| Bond albedo | 0.342 | |
| Geometric albedo | 0.499 | |
| Solar irradiance | 14.82 | W/m² |
| Black body temperature | 81 | K |
| Number of satellites | 274 | |
| Has ring system | Yes | |
| Semimajor axis | 1432.04 | 10⁶ km |
| Sidereal orbit period | 10755.7 | days |
| Tropical orbit period | 10746.9 | days |
| Perihelion | 1357.55 | 10⁶ km |
| Aphelion | 1506.53 | 10⁶ km |
| Synodic period | 378.09 | days |
| Mean orbital velocity | 9.67 | km/s |
| Max orbital velocity | 10.14 | km/s |
| Min orbital velocity | 9.14 | km/s |
| Orbit inclination | 2.486 | deg |
| Orbit eccentricity | 0.052 | |
| Sidereal rotation period | 10.656 | hrs |
| Length of day | 10.656 | hrs |
| Obliquity to orbit | 26.73 | deg |
| Scale height | 59.5 | km |
| Mean molecular weight | 2.07 |
Latest archived revision: 2024-10-02 · original Wayback snapshot ↗
| Field | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Mass | 86.811 | 10²⁴ kg |
| Volume | 6,833 | 10¹⁰ km³ |
| Equatorial radius | 25,559 | km |
| Polar radius | 24,973 | km |
| Volumetric mean radius | 25,362 | km |
| Ellipticity | 0.02293 | |
| Mean density | 1,270 | kg/m³ |
| Escape velocity | 21.3 | km/s |
| Gm | 5.794 | x 10⁶ km³/s² |
| Bond albedo | 0.3 | |
| Geometric albedo | 0.488 | |
| Solar irradiance | 3.69 | W/m² |
| Black body temperature | 58.1 | K |
| Number of satellites | 28 | |
| Has ring system | Yes | |
| Semimajor axis | 2867.04 | 10⁶ km |
| Sidereal orbit period | 30685.4 | days |
| Tropical orbit period | 30588.7 | days |
| Perihelion | 2732.7 | 10⁶ km |
| Aphelion | 3001.39 | 10⁶ km |
| Synodic period | 369.66 | days |
| Mean orbital velocity | 6.79 | km/s |
| Max orbital velocity | 7.13 | km/s |
| Min orbital velocity | 6.49 | km/s |
| Orbit inclination | 0.77 | deg |
| Orbit eccentricity | 0.0469 | |
| Sidereal rotation period | -17.24 | hrs |
| Length of day | 17.24 | hrs |
| Obliquity to orbit | 97.77 | deg |
| Inclination of equator | 82.23 | deg |
| Scale height | 27.7 | km |
| Mean molecular weight | 2.64 |
Latest archived revision: 2024-10-03 · original Wayback snapshot ↗
| Field | Value | Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Mass | 102.409 | 10²⁴ kg |
| Volume | 6,254 | 10¹⁰ km³ |
| Equatorial radius | 24,764 | km |
| Polar radius | 24,341 | km |
| Volumetric mean radius | 24,622 | km |
| Ellipticity | 0.01708 | |
| Mean density | 1,638 | kg/m³ |
| Escape velocity | 23.5 | km/s |
| Gm | 6.8351 | x 10⁶ km³/s² |
| Bond albedo | 0.29 | |
| Geometric albedo | 0.442 | |
| Solar irradiance | 1.508 | W/m² |
| Black body temperature | 46.6 | K |
| Number of satellites | 16 | |
| Has ring system | Yes | |
| Semimajor axis | 4514.95 | 10⁶ km |
| Sidereal orbit period | 60189 | days |
| Tropical orbit period | 59799.9 | days |
| Perihelion | 4471.05 | 10⁶ km |
| Aphelion | 4558.86 | 10⁶ km |
| Synodic period | 367.49 | days |
| Mean orbital velocity | 5.45 | km/s |
| Max orbital velocity | 5.47 | km/s |
| Min orbital velocity | 5.37 | km/s |
| Orbit inclination | 1.77 | deg |
| Orbit eccentricity | 0.0097 | |
| Sidereal rotation period | 16.11 | hrs |
| Length of day | 16.11 | hrs |
| Obliquity to orbit | 28.32 | deg |
| Inclination of equator | 28.32 | deg |
| Scale height | 19.1 | - |
| Mean molecular weight | 2.53 | - |
About this page
Note
NASA’s live NSSDC planetary fact sheets have been intermittently offline for months. The tables above are the most recent archived revisions of each fact sheet, parsed from the longitudinal archive that ships with planetarypy.constants and deposited at Zenodo (10.5281/zenodo.20122987). Each tab shows the latest capture’s date and links to the underlying Wayback Machine snapshot so the original page is one click away.
The values above are auto-extracted from parsed_archive_v1.json.gz — the same dataset that planetarypy.constants loads at runtime. The archive currently contains 913 distinct content versions of 13 NSSDC fact sheets, spanning December 1996 to May 2025. This page is a static snapshot of the most recent capture per body; it does not auto-refresh and will be regenerated whenever NSSDC publishes new revisions (or comes back online and we re-scrape).
The Moon, Pluto, and the asteroid / comet summary sheets are also in the archive but not shown here, since this page focuses on the Sun and the eight planets. Access them through the planetarypy.constants API the same way.
How to consume these in code
Every value shown above is also available as an astropy.units.Quantity through planetarypy.constants:
from planetarypy.constants import Mars
Mars.bond_albedo # 0.25
Mars.bond_albedo.unit # dimensionless
Mars.bond_albedo.source # the originating NSSDC captureFor the full revision trail of any field — not just the latest value shown here — use the explicit nssdc namespace:
from planetarypy.constants import nssdc
nssdc.history("saturn", "number_of_satellites")For the dataset itself, methodology, and citation BibTeX, see the Zenodo deposit.
Source & copyright
- Source data: NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center / National Space Science Data Center (NSSDC), Planetary Fact Sheets at https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/, long-time curator Dr. David R. Williams. As works of the U.S. federal government these data are in the public domain in the United States (17 U.S.C. § 105); please credit NASA / NSSDC when you reuse them.
- Archive parsing & redistribution: Aye, K. M. (2025). A longitudinal archive of the NSSDC planetary fact sheets (1996–2025) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.20122987 (MIT licensed).
- Disclaimer:
planetarypyis a community project. It is not affiliated with, endorsed by, or sponsored by NASA, GSFC, or NSSDC.